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A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, as in rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise), or differently, as in rain, reign, and rein. 

• Bald bawled
• Birth berth
• Body bawdy
• Bruise brews
• Die dye
• Eye I
• Feet feat
• Flex flecks
• Gait gate
• Genes jeans
• Groan grown
• Hear here
• Heel heal
• Hoarse horse
• Hurts hertz
• Male mail
• Moan mown
• Muscle mussel
• Pain pane
• Palate pallet
• Pale pail
• Rude rued
• Savor saver
• Sight cite
• Skull scull
• Sore soar
• Toe tow
• Vein vane vain
• Waist waste
• Weak week
• Weigh way whey

Metonymy is a figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with which it is associated (such as "crown" in "lands belonging to the crown"). Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, as in describing someone's clothing to characterize the individual. (i.e. skirt = woman)

• At the college, there are many good heads. (heads = intelligent people)
• Brains versus brawn. (brains = intelligence, brawn = strength)
• Chew on that for a while. (chew = think)
• Did you hear that set of pipes when she sang? (pipes = vocal cords)
• Don't give me any lip. (lip = backtalk)
• During illness, fluids are often essential for recovery. (Fluids = hydration)
• “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.” Julius Ceasar, William Shakespeare (ears = attention)
• He doesn't have the stomach for it. (stomach = strength)
• He had some nerve talking that way to me. (nerve = attitude)
• He muscled his way to the front of the line. (muscled = forced)
• He was told to keep quiet so he kept his trap shut. (trap = mouth)
• He went to the barber to have his mop cut. (mop = hair)
• I can't stomach any more television news. (stomach = tolerate)
• “In the end, it’s not the years in your life that count. It’s the life in your years.” Abraham Lincoln
• I couldn’t understand them because they spoke in their mother tongue. (tongue = language).
• I don't want to be fat (fat = overweight)
• I heard you're treating a train wreck (train wreck = patient with multiple severe problems).
• I'm carrying extra baggage and I need to lose some weight (baggage = fat)
• I'm going back to my closet to do paperwork. (closet = office)
• I" m going to see a plumber (urologist) tomorrow about my prostate. (plumber = urologist) 
• "I'm gonna wash that man right out of my hair" Song quote from the play "South Pacific" (hair = memory)
• I'm seeing a shrink about my anxiety. (shrink = psychiatrist) 
• I'm talking to you so I can get some things off my chest. (chest = mind)
• I'm trying to bone up on this class for the test (bone = study)
• I'm trying to get my chassis rebuilt by the orthopedic surgeon. (chassis = body)
• I'm trying to remember something but can't. It's on the tip of my tongue. (tongue = memory)
• "In a corner, a cluster of white coats made lunch plans." (white coats = doctors)
• It cost an arm and a leg. (arm and a leg = a lot of money) (also a metaphor)
• It takes guts to stand up to your boss. (guts =  bravery)\
• I was in your neck of the woods so I stopped by to say hello. (neck = vicinity)
• Jimmy Durante was famous for his huge beak. (beak = nose)
• Lend me a hand. (hand = assistance)
• Let's clean up this joint. (joint = business)
• Mind your own business. (business = personal affairs)
• "Milk. It does a body good." (body = health)
• Most desk jobs involve sitting on your buns all day. (buns = buttocks)
• My beans are being checked by the nephrologist. (beans = kidneys)
• My boss chewed me up and spit me out. (chewed = criticized, spit out = rejected)
• My brothers always gave me a good ribbing. (ribbing = teasing)
• Newspaper reporters have a nose for news. (nose = instinct)
• No guts, no glory. (guts = fearlessness)
• Our baseball team needs a new arm. (arm = pitcher)
• Please keep your paws to yourself. (paws = hands)
• Private eye. (eye = investigator)
• She has a good heart. (heart = humanity)
• "Take me to bed or lose me forever" Quote from the movie "Top Gun". (bed = sex)
• The Atlanta Braves needs some new blood if they are going to win next season. (blood = team members)
•  The boss had the employee's backs.  (backs = vulnerabilities) 
• The cardiologist is treating my ticker. (ticker = heart)
• The crown ruled with an iron fist. (crown = monarch, iron fist = without mercy)
• The company gossip was very nosey. (nosey = inquisitive)
• The couple had their eye on each other. (eye = attention)
• The couple went necking on lover's lane. (necking = kissing)
• The dentist made him a new pair of choppers. (choppers = dentures)
• The drill sergeant told me to grow a spine. (spine = bravery)
• The downtown artery was clogged with traffic. (artery = highway)
• The ENT is checking my honker for a deviated septum. (honker = nose)
• The head of the army has put a lot on your shoulders (head = leader, shoulders = responsibility)
• The plastic surgeon is doing a lift on my mug. (mug = face).
• The policeman could smell a lie a mile away. (smell = detect)
• The pump in my chest is skipping. (pump = heart)
• The teacher counted heads in the class. (heads = students)
• The witness fingered the perpetrator in a lineup. (fingered = identified)
• The wrestling team has some new muscle. (muscle = wrestlers)
• There is a hiccup in our office procedures. (hiccup = problem)
• Winning the lottery is nothing to sneeze at. (sneeze = reject)
• "You’ve come a long way, baby!" (baby = woman)

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary a synechdoche is a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole (such as fifty sail for fifty ships), the whole for a part (such as society for high society), the specific for the general (such as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (such as a creature for a man), or the name of the material for the thing made (such as steel for sword).

• Blade for scalpel - "Hand me a number 11 blade."
• Body for person - “He said he reckoned a body could reform the ole man with a shotgun.” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain 
• Bone doctor for Orthopedist - "The bone doctor will do your hip today."
• Breathing test for Pulmonary function testing - "Let's start your breathing test."
• Case for patient - "Have you seen your gallbladder case in the Emergency Room yet?"
• Chart for Medical Record - "Please hand me the patient's chart."
• Commode for Bathroom - "Let me know when you want to go to the commode."
• Cuff for sphygmomanometer - "Let's check your blood pressure with a different cuff."
• Drug store for Pharmacy - "I bought toothpaste at the drug store today."
• Gut for Gastrointestinal tract - "Let's find out where your gut problem is with a CT scan of your abdomen."
• Headcount for total number of persons
• Heart tracing for Electrocardiogram - "I'm ordering a heart tracing on you."
• Face for person - It's always nice to see a familiar face.
• Fluids for Intravenous Fluids - "You are dehydrated so we're going to give you some fluids."
• Hand for crew - All hands on deck.
• Lab for phlebotomist - "Did the lab draw your blood?"
• Magnet for MRI - "We' re going to put you in the magnet to do your scan."
• Maternity for Labor & Delivery - "My wife is in maternity having our first child."
• Needle for injection - "This needle with antibiotics won't hurt much."
• Physical therapy for therapist - "Has physical therapy been in to see you?"
• Records for Medical Records Department - "i need to get Records to pull your chart."
• Scope for colonoscopy - "It 's time to do your scope."
• Social services for social worker - "Has social services come to see you yet?"
• Spinal for Spinal Anesthesia - "Once we give you this spinal you shouldn't feel any pain."
• Stuffed shirt for a conservative, pompous person
• Tray for hospital meal - "I'll be right back with your tray."
• Use your head for Use your brain - "Let's put our heads together and think about this."
• X-ray for Radiology Department - "Have you been to x-ray yet?"

According to dictionary.com a tautonym is a  a scientific name in which the generic and the specific names are the same, as Chloris chloris (the greenfinch). An Exact reduplication is when a word, an element of a word, or a phrase is repeated exactly. 

• Beriberi disease caused by thiamine deficiciecy

• Boo-boo for injury

• Bye bye for good bye

• Chop-chop for quick!

• Chow-chow for food

• Din-din for dinner

• Fifty-fifty for an even chance

• Gaga for overly enthusiastic

• Hee-hee for laughing

• Homo sapiens sapiens for genus species subspecies of modern humans

• Hush-hush for be quiet

• Loa loa causes loaiasis

• Moyamoya Disease

• Night-night for good night

• No-no for emphatically no

• Pee-pee for urinate

• Poo-poo for defecate

• Pow-pow for gunshots

• So-so for okay but not great

• Ta-ta for good bye

• Tee tee

• Tse tse fly transmits African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis)

• Tum-tum for stomach

• Yum-yum for delicious

• Wah-wah for crying

• Wee-wee for urinate

• Yada yada for talking and talking.......